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Pope Pius XII presided over the Catholic Church during one of the most challenging moments in its history. Elected in early 1939, Pius XII spoke out against war and destruction, but his refusal to condemn Nazi Germany and its allies for mass atrocities and genocide remains controversial almost seventy years after the end of the Second World War.
Scholars have blamed Pius’s inaction on anti-communism, antisemitism, a special emotional bond with Germany, or a preference for fascist authoritarianism. Delving deep into Catholic theology and ecclesiology, Jacques Kornberg argues instead that what drove Pius XII was the belief that his highest priority must be to preserve the authority of the Church and the access to salvation that it provided.
In The Pope’s Dilemma, Kornberg uses the examples of Pius XII’s immediate predecessors Benedict XV and the Armenian genocide and Pius XI and Fascist Italy, as well as case studies of Pius XII’s wartime policies towards five Catholic countries (Croatia, France, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia), to demonstrate the consistency with which Pius XII and the Vatican avoided confronting the perpetrators of atrocities and strove to keep Catholics within the Church. By this measure, Pius XII did not betray, but fulfilled his papal role.
A meticulous and careful analysis of the career of the twentieth century’s most controversial pope, The Pope’s Dilemma is an important contribution to the ongoing debate about the Catholic Church’s wartime legacy.
- Sales Rank: #1212128 in Books
- Published on: 2015-05-01
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.00" h x 1.05" w x 6.00" l, .0 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 424 pages
Review
“Kornberg, professor emeritus of history at the University of Toronto, has given us an original and balanced analysis of Pius XII’s moral leadership that is as compelling as a novel. It will inspire much thought about dilemmas of church-state conflicts that we face in our increasingly war-struck world.”
(Nancy L. Roberts Catholic News Service, October 12, 2015)‘Upon reading Kornberg’s record of Pius XII’s response to German genocidal acts, one understands Francis’s logic in terms clear and astonishing.’
(Norman Ravvin The Canadian Jewish News, January 4, 2016)‘Kornberg’s work represents a monumental compilation of materials, both primary and secondary sources, reflecting a lifetime of study on the role that organized religion plays in our world.’
(Beth A. Griech-Polelle Contemporary Church History Quarterly vol 21:04:2015)‘This is a well-researched, meticulously argued scholarly treatment of Pius XII’s wartime legacy.’
(J.P. Blosser Choice Magazine vol 53:03:2015) Review
“In a book that reads like an exciting detective thriller, Jacques Kornberg examines Pope Pius XII and the Nazi regime of terror in Europe. Did the Pope resist the Nazis or acquiesce by failing to protest loudly and clearly? Could he have done more to rescue the Jews of Europe who begged him for his assistance? Why has world opinion shifted from praising Pius in the post–Second World War years to excoriating him, starting in the 1960s? Kornberg’s book leads us through the maze of evidence with remarkable clarity and intellectual suspense.”
(Susannah Heschel, Eli Black Professor of Jewish Studies, Dartmouth College, and author of 'The Aryan Jesus: Christian Theologians and the Bible in Nazi Germany')“For many years, historians have awaited the opening of the Vatican’s archives for the reign of Pope Pius XII, unsure how the documentation therein will challenge our interpretations of the wartime church. Until that day arrives, Jacques Kornberg’s magisterial survey, written in distinguished and elegant language, provides a valuable analysis of the numerous conflicting theories about Pius XII and his policies that have appeared over the course of the past fifty years.”
(John S. Conway, Professor Emeritus of History, University of British Columbia, and author of 'The Nazi Persecution of the Churches, 1933-1945')“The Pope’s Dilemma is a serious accomplishment by a historian who has spent years studying Pius XII in great depth. Jacques Kornberg has a fine grasp of the theology of the period and has truly incorporated it into his attempt to understand the choices Pius XII made during the Holocaust.”
(Kevin P. Spicer, C.S.C, James J. Kenneally Distinguished Professor of History, Stonehill College, and author of 'Hitler's Priests: Catholic Clergy and National Socialism') About the Author
Jacques Kornberg is Professor Emeritus in the Department of History at the University of Toronto.
Most helpful customer reviews
6 of 6 people found the following review helpful.
Preservation of Church or Saving People?
By Earl
Prior to reading this book my opinions about the actions, or inaction, of the Catholic Church and Pope Pius XII was based only on considerations of what I perceive to be moral or ethical duties of any human being. This work has given me a better and considerably more nuanced perspective on how decisions were seemingly reached in the Vatican. I can't say it changed my personal assessment of right and wrong as it applies to this period but it absolutely gave me a better understanding of some kind of rationale.
The book is a very engrossing and worthwhile read for anyone with an interest in World War II and/or the Holocaust. Kornberg's writing made me stay up late reading, which I don't often experience with a history book. Perhaps the most valuable take away for me was the glimpse at what is important at that level of the Church when faith and universality are challenged by concrete events which threaten to potentially weaken the Church and its perceived place in this world.
Reviewed from an ARC made available by the publisher via NetGalley.
4 of 4 people found the following review helpful.
Most Important Study of Pius XII in a Generation.
By robert f.melson
This is the most important study of Pius XII in a generation. Kornberg shows in meticulous detail that when confronted with Nazism, the Pope believed that he was forced to choose between helping to save lives or of preserving the Church. He chose the Church.
0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
Sins of the Fathers
By L. King
A detailed exploration of the motivations and culpability of the Papacy and the Church in not speaking out against Nazi atrocities. Kornberg follows the arc of Pius XII's career from papal nuncio in Germany from the end of WW I until 1930 and his leadership as Vatican Secretary of State during the 1930s including his role along with that of Pius XI in the 1933 Concordat with the Nazis which preserved Church interests and went with the flow of Catholic sentiments in Germany which were anti-Communist, as was the Church, and largely sympathetic with the regime. This meant going with the flow and not opposing government policies. This same policy is repeated on a country by country basis across Europe both before and during the war.
Kornberg shows that this approach was similar to Church policy during the lesser known genocide and ethnic cleansing of 650,000 Eastern Orthodox Croatian Serbs (350,000 massacred, 300,000 forced to flee as refugees) by Catholic Croats which took place in 1941 independent of Nazi involvement. Papal envoy Cardinal Marcone represented the views of the Church, that Eastern Orthodox Christians were Byzantine schizmatics in “need” of return to the true faith. Jews fared no better so than by the end of 1941 only 12,000 out of a previous population of 40,000 Jews survived. The Croatian Catholic government proclaimed a number of Nuremberg style laws, forcing Jews into ghettos, banning them from public life, and forcing the sale of Jewish homes and business. Marcone believed, supported by Archbishop Stepinac, that this would bring the Jews to the Church out of a sense of self preservation, and while they might lack sincerity to the faith, “at least their children will be educated in Catholic schools and therefore be more sincerely Christian.” (p89).
The next to last chapter considers Vatican neutrality and moral equivocation of Pius's predecessors, Benedict XV and Pius XI, with 4 examples – the German occupation of Belgium in WW I, the Armenian Genocide, French and Belgian occupation of the Ruhr in 1923 and the 1935 invasion of Ethiopia. Benedict saw his role as that of a shepherd guiding Catholics as individuals towards a path to eternal life. His December 4, 1916 speech generically addressed the horrors of war, and might equally have applied to German atrocities in Belgium, the ethnic cleansing of 3 million Latvians, Jews and Poles to the Far East by Tsarist Russia or the attacks against Armenians and Greeks in the Ottoman Empire. Led by Cardinal Mercier, Church leaders in Belgium issued a strong condemnation against Germany's unprovoked and vicious attacks, blaming German Catholics for their support and participation. Benedict urged the German bishops not to reply and thanked Mercier for “calming Belgian Catholics and advising that 'there is nothing further to be done.' “ (p195). As for the Armenians, in response to learning from Monsignor Angelo Dolci that close to 1 million Armenians had been murdered, Benedict sent a strongly worded PRIVATE letter to the Sultan condemning the attacks and asking that they be ended. The letter likely never arrived and the Sultan was not even the right address to send the letter as the Ottoman Empire was then firmly in control of the CUP and the triumvirate of Enver, Cemal and Talat Pasha. Thinking in geopolitical terms, the Ottomans held access to Church property in Palestine and served as a bulwark against Tsarist ambitions in the Balkans. Benedict endorsed Turkish propaganda by wishing the Sultan long life and asked that only the guilty among the Armenians be punished and the innocents be spared.
In the case of French occupation, Pius XI did speak out, but was soundly rebuked by French Catholics who called him “the Boche pope”, and French nationalist emphasized the necessary separateness of church and state. Opposition to Mussolini's fascism, considering that Vatican City is part of Rome, literally hit closer to home. The Church and Italy's fascist movement were already on a collision course that Pius had to tread carefully. Ethiopia's Hailie Selassie allowed Catholic missionaries to operate freely in the country and Mussolini's pursuit of colonial empire threatened any balance of good will that Ethiopians had towards the Church. Pius conditionally recognized that Italian expansionism might have moral justification and chose not to mention Mussolini's use of mustard gas which killed a then estimated quarter of a million people. [More modern estimates a between 350,000 and 760,000.] And while Piux XI favoured the British and French proposals for partitioning Ethiopia which gave Italy most of the country along with a number of economic concessions, he also took care not to risk offending Catholic Italian nationalists. However in July 1938 the Italian Fascists published their “Manifesto on Race” which divided the world racially into superior Aryan races such as the Italians, and lesser races such as the Jews. This the Pope soundly denounced, declaring it as a form of apostasy.
In many respects this book complements another recent book by Colin Barnes, lecturer at King's Divinity College, England. Barnes, who includes Protestant as well as Catholic reactions also notices that the churches were most concerned about protecting Christians of Jewish ancestry and both, with some exceptions had problems with conversions that were motivated by self preservation as opposed to sincere Christian belief. The immoral distinction that both churches made was, though they were opposed to the biological racism of Nazi policy and found Nazi brutality unappealing though tolerable, they were not opposed to Nazi policy on the exclusion and destruction of Jews and the Jewish community on a religious basis. As we saw in the cases of Belgium, the Armenians and Croatia, the Popes of the first part of the 20th century believed that purpose of the Church was to preserve itself so that it could save Catholic souls, not human lives.
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